Noto, Italy
8th century BCE
Sparta, Greece
5th century BCE
Maroneia-Sapes, Greece
6th century BCE
Kefalonia, Greece
6th century BCE
Kavousi, Greece
600 BC
Campobello di Mazara, Italy
559 BC
Gela, Italy
333 BCE
Vlorë, Albania
4th century AD
Syracuse, Italy
6th century BCE
Kyparissia, Greece
-2200 BCE
Grammichele, Italy
5th century BCE
Nafplio, Greece
4th century BCE
Rocchicella, Italy
453 BCE
Sambuca di Sicilia, Italy
5th century BCE
Chalkidona, Greece
4th century BCE
Lemnos, Greece
8th century BCE
Lemnos, Greece
7th century BCE
Argos-Mykines, Greece
3000 BCE
Monasterace, Italy
7th century BCE
Karpathos, Greece
4th century BCE
The Walls of Constantinople are a series of defensive stone walls that have surrounded and protected the city of Constantinople (today Istanbul) since its founding as the new capital of the Roman Empire by Constantine the Great. With numerous additions and modifications during their history, they were the last great fortification system of antiquity, and one of the most complex and elaborate systems ever built. They were also the largest and strongest fortification in both the ancient and medieval world.
Initially built by Constantine the Great, the walls surrounded the new city on all sides, protecting it against attack from both sea and land. As the city grew, the famous double line of the Theodosian Walls was built in the 5th century. Although the other sections of the walls were less elaborate, they were, when well-manned, almost impregnable for any medieval besieger.