Pewsum, Germany
1458
Heistern, Germany
1333
Lüdenscheid, Germany
14th century
Hoyerswerda, Germany
16th century
Altleiningen, Germany
1100-1110
Döbschütz, Germany
10th century AD
Auerbach, Vogtland, Germany
12th century
Buchheim, Germany
c. 1200
Münsingen, Germany
13th century
Gräfenberg, Germany
14th century
Wissen, Germany
13th century
Dasburg, Germany
9th century AD
Freudenburg, Germany
1330-1337
Werbach, Germany
12th century
Havixbeck, Germany
1562
Haag in Oberbayern, Germany
12th century
Reichenberg, Germany
1230-1231
Marzoll, Germany
1527-1536
Bad Rappenau, Germany
18th century
Weitnau, Germany
13th century
The Walls of Constantinople are a series of defensive stone walls that have surrounded and protected the city of Constantinople (today Istanbul) since its founding as the new capital of the Roman Empire by Constantine the Great. With numerous additions and modifications during their history, they were the last great fortification system of antiquity, and one of the most complex and elaborate systems ever built. They were also the largest and strongest fortification in both the ancient and medieval world.
Initially built by Constantine the Great, the walls surrounded the new city on all sides, protecting it against attack from both sea and land. As the city grew, the famous double line of the Theodosian Walls was built in the 5th century. Although the other sections of the walls were less elaborate, they were, when well-manned, almost impregnable for any medieval besieger.