Castel D'ario, Italy
10th century AD
Gallarate, Italy
12th century
Montagna in Valtellina, Italy
13th century
Maccastorna, Italy
13th century
Cislago, Italy
10th century AD
Cavriana, Italy
11th century
San Lorenzo De' Picenardi, Italy
9th century AD
Castiglione delle Stiviere, Italy
15th century
Castello d'Agogna, Italy
12th century
Frascarolo, Italy
12th century
Camairago, Italy
15th century
Soiano, Italy
10th century AD
Cuasso al Monte, Italy
8th century AD
Pavia, Italy
1325
Mello, Italy
11th century
Orino, Italy
12th century
Ostiano, Italy
15th century
Villa, Italy
13th century
Val di Nizza, Italy
9th century AD
The Walls of Constantinople are a series of defensive stone walls that have surrounded and protected the city of Constantinople (today Istanbul) since its founding as the new capital of the Roman Empire by Constantine the Great. With numerous additions and modifications during their history, they were the last great fortification system of antiquity, and one of the most complex and elaborate systems ever built. They were also the largest and strongest fortification in both the ancient and medieval world.
Initially built by Constantine the Great, the walls surrounded the new city on all sides, protecting it against attack from both sea and land. As the city grew, the famous double line of the Theodosian Walls was built in the 5th century. Although the other sections of the walls were less elaborate, they were, when well-manned, almost impregnable for any medieval besieger.