Bedburg, Germany
13th century
Kerpen, Germany
13th century
Bad Honnef, Germany
c. 1200
Düren, Germany
12th century
Wachtberg, Germany
13th century
Herbede, Germany
1354
Warburg, Germany
11th century
Dahlem, Germany
13th century
Stromberg, Germany
12th century
Wachtberg, Germany
1337/1659
Bad Berleburg, Germany
13th century
Schieder-Schwalenberg, Germany
1228-1231
Velen, Germany
15th century
Euskirchen, Germany
11th century
Dortmund, Germany
13th century
Nümbrecht, Germany
11th century/1635
Mechernich, Germany
14th century
Hückeswagen, Germany
c. 1189
Vlotho, Germany
c. 1250
Wissen, Germany
12th century
The Walls of Constantinople are a series of defensive stone walls that have surrounded and protected the city of Constantinople (today Istanbul) since its founding as the new capital of the Roman Empire by Constantine the Great. With numerous additions and modifications during their history, they were the last great fortification system of antiquity, and one of the most complex and elaborate systems ever built. They were also the largest and strongest fortification in both the ancient and medieval world.
Initially built by Constantine the Great, the walls surrounded the new city on all sides, protecting it against attack from both sea and land. As the city grew, the famous double line of the Theodosian Walls was built in the 5th century. Although the other sections of the walls were less elaborate, they were, when well-manned, almost impregnable for any medieval besieger.