Sande i Vestfold, Norway
1066-1093
Skjeberg, Norway
c. 1100
Skiptvet, Norway
12th century
Steigen, Norway
c. 1250
Lørenskog, Norway
1150-1250
Smøla, Norway
1190
Røyken, Norway
1229
Tingvoll, Norway
1150-1200
Eikelandsosen, Norway
1306
Hof, Norway
c. 1200
Nykirke, Norway
c. 1200
Skaun, Norway
1183
Gildeskål, Norway
c. 1130
Søndeled, Norway
1150
Tvedestrand, Norway
c. 1200
Kviteseid, Norway
c. 1260
Vanse, Norway
1037
Hobøl, Norway
c. 1175
Skjærhalden, Norway
11th century
Ørland, Norway
1342
The Walls of Constantinople are a series of defensive stone walls that have surrounded and protected the city of Constantinople (today Istanbul) since its founding as the new capital of the Roman Empire by Constantine the Great. With numerous additions and modifications during their history, they were the last great fortification system of antiquity, and one of the most complex and elaborate systems ever built. They were also the largest and strongest fortification in both the ancient and medieval world.
Initially built by Constantine the Great, the walls surrounded the new city on all sides, protecting it against attack from both sea and land. As the city grew, the famous double line of the Theodosian Walls was built in the 5th century. Although the other sections of the walls were less elaborate, they were, when well-manned, almost impregnable for any medieval besieger.