Moscow, Russia
1505-1508
Moscow, Russia
1825
Saint Petersburg, Russia
1714
Moscow, Russia
1953
Saint Petersburg, Russia
1740s
Saint Petersburg, Russia
1877
Vyborg, Russia
1430-1445
Moscow, Russia
1957
Kaliningrad, Russia
1960
Vyborg, Russia
1933-1935
Neman, Russia
1397-1409
Leningrad Oblast, Russia
ca. 1323
Gdov, Russia
1431-1434
Chernyakhovsk, Russia
1376
Niekrasowo, Russia
1328
Chernyakhovsky, Russia
1337
Gvardeysky, Russia
1283–90
Ushakovo, Russia
1266
Kaliningrad Oblast, Russia
1239
Kaliningrad Oblast, Russia
1270
The Walls of Constantinople are a series of defensive stone walls that have surrounded and protected the city of Constantinople (today Istanbul) since its founding as the new capital of the Roman Empire by Constantine the Great. With numerous additions and modifications during their history, they were the last great fortification system of antiquity, and one of the most complex and elaborate systems ever built. They were also the largest and strongest fortification in both the ancient and medieval world.
Initially built by Constantine the Great, the walls surrounded the new city on all sides, protecting it against attack from both sea and land. As the city grew, the famous double line of the Theodosian Walls was built in the 5th century. Although the other sections of the walls were less elaborate, they were, when well-manned, almost impregnable for any medieval besieger.