Bolnisi, Georgia
1212-1222
Urbnisi, Georgia
6th century AD
Martvili, Georgia
10th century
Gurjaani, Georgia
8th century AD
Mtskheta, Georgia
540s AD
Lykhny, Georgia
10th century
Samtavisi, Georgia
11th century
Ertatsminda, Georgia
13th century
Akhalkalaki, Georgia
964 AD
Adigeni, Georgia
14th century
Tetritsqaro, Georgia
12th century
Kavtiskhevi, Georgia
12th century
Akhalgori, Georgia
14th century
Tandzia, Georgia
13th century
Shemokmedi, Georgia
15th century
Adjara, Georgia
c. 1250
Drandra, Georgia
6th century AD
Ochamchire, Georgia
999 AD
Ochamchire, Georgia
10th century
Tsalenjikha, Georgia
12th century
The Walls of Constantinople are a series of defensive stone walls that have surrounded and protected the city of Constantinople (today Istanbul) since its founding as the new capital of the Roman Empire by Constantine the Great. With numerous additions and modifications during their history, they were the last great fortification system of antiquity, and one of the most complex and elaborate systems ever built. They were also the largest and strongest fortification in both the ancient and medieval world.
Initially built by Constantine the Great, the walls surrounded the new city on all sides, protecting it against attack from both sea and land. As the city grew, the famous double line of the Theodosian Walls was built in the 5th century. Although the other sections of the walls were less elaborate, they were, when well-manned, almost impregnable for any medieval besieger.