Right in the city centre of Jülich sits the Citadel, one of the best preserved fortresses in Germany and a prime example of Italian High Renaissance architecture north of the Alps. Built in the 16th century as part of an ideal city concept under the reign of Duke William V., it survived numerous wars and sieges. Today it houses the Museum Zitadelle Jülich with its exhibition depicting 2000 years of Jülich’s history and containing one of the most impressive collections of works from Jülich’s most famous son, 19th century landscaper Johann Wilhelm Schirmer.
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The Walls of Constantinople are a series of defensive stone walls that have surrounded and protected the city of Constantinople (today Istanbul) since its founding as the new capital of the Roman Empire by Constantine the Great. With numerous additions and modifications during their history, they were the last great fortification system of antiquity, and one of the most complex and elaborate systems ever built. They were also the largest and strongest fortification in both the ancient and medieval world.
Initially built by Constantine the Great, the walls surrounded the new city on all sides, protecting it against attack from both sea and land. As the city grew, the famous double line of the Theodosian Walls was built in the 5th century. Although the other sections of the walls were less elaborate, they were, when well-manned, almost impregnable for any medieval besieger.