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Abritus was an impressive Roman walled city and one of the biggest urban centres in the province of Moesia Inferior. Its remains are in the Archaeological Park of Razgrad.
A Thracian settlement of the 3rd–4th century BC has been found on the north bank of the Beli Lom river, and an early Roman settlement extended it in the late 1st or early 2nd century AD. At the end of the 1st century AD a Roman military camp was built, and in the 2nd century the Cohors II Lucensium of the Legio XI Claudia (based at Durostorum) was stationed here.
In 251 during the Gothic invasions the Romans suffered a disastrous defeat and the death of the Emperor Decius and his son Herennius Etruscus at the Battle of Abritus, which took place about 15 km northwest of Abritus, in the valley of the river Beli Lom, to the south of the village of Dryanovets.
The fortifications with massive walls, 3 m thick and 12 m high, were built around the town on the south bank of the river in 320–330 under Constantine the Great, seemingly for protection from immigrant 'barbarians' (foederati) as part of the policy of pacifying them.
However, the walls could not withstand the destruction of the city in the Gothic Wars in 376–8, in 447 by the Huns, and in the 480s again by the Goths. Each time the city was rebuilt, and in the 5th–6th centuries Abritus was one of the largest cities in the province and seat of a bishop.
The gates were narrowed under Justinian (527–565) to provide better security. However the city was destroyed by the Avars in 586. Later a Bulgarian mediaeval settlement was built, which existed until the 10th century.
The walls enclosed 15 hectares and had 35 bastions projecting in front of the wall. The southern wall was more vulnerable than the others as it was overlooked by a slope outside, and hence the southern gate was recessed from the wall, which was also thicker in this area, and a moat was dug outside it for extra protection. Two of the bastions have superstructures built to the original height to accentuate their impressive size.
Army barracks were located to the side of the north gate in which arms were discovered.
Two aqueducts are known; one from the 2nd century originating at a spring near Peroishte 6 km southwest of the city, passing through ceramic pipes, and arriving under the south gate, and the other coming from Nedoklan 3 km to the northeast.
The largest late empire hoard of gold coins in Bulgaria was found just inside the eastern wall consisting of 835 gold coins weighing 4 kg and dating from the 5th century, probably hidden during the invasion of the Goths 487.
References:The Clementinum is a historic complex of buildings in Prague. Until recently the complex hosted the National, University and Technical libraries, the City Library also being located nearby on Mariánské Náměstí. The Technical library and the Municipal library have moved to the Prague National Technical Library at Technická 6 since 2009. It is currently in use as the National Library of the Czech Republic.
Its history dates from the existence of a chapel dedicated to Saint Clement in the 11th century. A Dominican monastery was founded in the medieval period, which was transformed in 1556 to a Jesuit college. In 1622 the Jesuits transferred the library of Charles University to the Klementinum, and the college was merged with the University in 1654. The Jesuits remained until 1773, when the Klementinum was established as an observatory, library, and university by the Empress Maria Theresa of Austria.