Engelstein Castle was first mentioned in 1417 but it is probably much older. It is probable that at first it was a simple watch tower, guarding a nearby road crossing, which was upgraded to a water castle after the destruction of Hadmarstein Castle on the nearby Johannisberg mountain at the end of the 13th century. It was situated on a granite cliff surrounded on 3 sides by small lakes.
In 1531 the castle went to Benedikt Schaul who started to transform the still medieval fortress into a Renaissance castle. The Barons of Windhag continued this elaborate reconstruction and gave the castle its present outlook. The costs however were so enormous that the barons were soon heavily indebted after which the castle was confiscated at the end of the 16th century.
In 1619 Engelstein Castle was stormed by Imperial troops and plundered. In 1681 it was bought by Adam Anton Graf Gundemann, whose descendants owned the castle for the next 150 years. Then it went to the Barons of Geusau who owned it until 1916.
Several other owners followed until it was acquired by the industrialist Erich Meinl in 1964. By then the castle was in a bad state due to being plundered and neglected during and after World War II. Now the bailey is inhabited by a descendant of Meinl.
At present Engelstein Castle is privately inhabited and can thus not be visited.
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The Walls of Constantinople are a series of defensive stone walls that have surrounded and protected the city of Constantinople (today Istanbul) since its founding as the new capital of the Roman Empire by Constantine the Great. With numerous additions and modifications during their history, they were the last great fortification system of antiquity, and one of the most complex and elaborate systems ever built. They were also the largest and strongest fortification in both the ancient and medieval world.
Initially built by Constantine the Great, the walls surrounded the new city on all sides, protecting it against attack from both sea and land. As the city grew, the famous double line of the Theodosian Walls was built in the 5th century. Although the other sections of the walls were less elaborate, they were, when well-manned, almost impregnable for any medieval besieger.