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Founded: 13th centuryCategory: Castles and fortifications in France
Historical period: Late Capetians (France)
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The castle of Épinal was originally built in the mid-13th century by the bishop of Metz. It was enlarged in the 16thc century, but destroyed by Ludwig XIV army in 1670. Today there is an English style garden and park around the ruins.
The Walls of Constantinople are a series of defensive stone walls that have surrounded and protected the city of Constantinople (today Istanbul) since its founding as the new capital of the Roman Empire by Constantine the Great. With numerous additions and modifications during their history, they were the last great fortification system of antiquity, and one of the most complex and elaborate systems ever built. They were also the largest and strongest fortification in both the ancient and medieval world.
Initially built by Constantine the Great, the walls surrounded the new city on all sides, protecting it against attack from both sea and land. As the city grew, the famous double line of the Theodosian Walls was built in the 5th century. Although the other sections of the walls were less elaborate, they were, when well-manned, almost impregnable for any medieval besieger.