Constantina Castle was dates back to the Moorish period, when it defended the north-south road towards Seville. It was conquered by Christians in 1274 and by the privilege of King Alfonso X in 1253, it passed to the Alfoz of Seville. In 1810, it was used as a fortified point during the period of the French invasion of the town.
Today the castle of Constantina consists of a polygonal enclosure of about ninety metres in diameter, which has an external defence in the form of a barbican, of which there are sufficient remains to affirm that it completely surrounded the enclosure. Most of this area has been preserved, and two of the seven towers that flanked it are still complete, containing magnificently built circular vaulted chambers.
The Clementinum is a historic complex of buildings in Prague. Until recently the complex hosted the National, University and Technical libraries, the City Library also being located nearby on Mariánské Náměstí. The Technical library and the Municipal library have moved to the Prague National Technical Library at Technická 6 since 2009. It is currently in use as the National Library of the Czech Republic.
Its history dates from the existence of a chapel dedicated to Saint Clement in the 11th century. A Dominican monastery was founded in the medieval period, which was transformed in 1556 to a Jesuit college. In 1622 the Jesuits transferred the library of Charles University to the Klementinum, and the college was merged with the University in 1654. The Jesuits remained until 1773, when the Klementinum was established as an observatory, library, and university by the Empress Maria Theresa of Austria.