in 520, Liphard, a cousin of Clovis and a judge and governor in Orléans, retired as a hermit to Meung-sur-Loire. On his death, his companions set up a monastery around the bishop of Orléans, Marc. Monks cleared the Mauves and planted vines. In 1068, the monastery became a collegiate chapter. In the 12th century, Bishop Manassés had a fortified dwelling built next to the bell tower.
During the 12th century the church was rebuilt in the gothic style, and fortified accommodation for the abbot built alongside. Jeanne d'Arc visited in 1429, and this was the site of the Battle of Meung-sur-Loire. The complex was restored in 1570, again during the 19th century and again in 1985. Some fine capitals and a 6th-century sarcophagus can be seen here. The chapel of the Virgin dates from the 12th century, with a painted wooden altar from the 17th century and an altarpiece from the 18th century.
The Walls of Constantinople are a series of defensive stone walls that have surrounded and protected the city of Constantinople (today Istanbul) since its founding as the new capital of the Roman Empire by Constantine the Great. With numerous additions and modifications during their history, they were the last great fortification system of antiquity, and one of the most complex and elaborate systems ever built. They were also the largest and strongest fortification in both the ancient and medieval world.
Initially built by Constantine the Great, the walls surrounded the new city on all sides, protecting it against attack from both sea and land. As the city grew, the famous double line of the Theodosian Walls was built in the 5th century. Although the other sections of the walls were less elaborate, they were, when well-manned, almost impregnable for any medieval besieger.