The Castello Visconteo di Pagazzano is a moated, late-medieval castle which originates from the 11th century. It was burned down and 200 inhabitants were killed in a battle in 1353. The castle and the territory of Gera d’Adda, including Pagazzano, was inherited in 1354 by Bernabò Visconti. The territory was disputed over the centuries by surrounding ruling forces, and various Visconti descendants. In the 19th century, the castle was owned by the Crivelli family until 1968 when it was bought by a private initiative, and sold to the Comune di Pagazzano in the year 2000.
The structure has been built with bricks and is rectangular in shape. The southern part has lost the towers at the south-east and south-west corners. In 1553 Galeazzo Visconti ordered the integration of the mansion into the castle. The drawbridge still exists and is used as pedestrian passage, the castle is also surrounded by a moat full of water. The drawbridge is on the northern side and is about 4 metres long, it still works today. The main entrance is also here, situated in the majestic central tower. The defensive use of this central tower depended on a system of battlements. Along the walls there is a look out tower where a bell rang, so the people could take refuge inside the walls in case of danger. The oldest part includes huge rooms and the dungeons.
The Clementinum is a historic complex of buildings in Prague. Until recently the complex hosted the National, University and Technical libraries, the City Library also being located nearby on Mariánské Náměstí. The Technical library and the Municipal library have moved to the Prague National Technical Library at Technická 6 since 2009. It is currently in use as the National Library of the Czech Republic.
Its history dates from the existence of a chapel dedicated to Saint Clement in the 11th century. A Dominican monastery was founded in the medieval period, which was transformed in 1556 to a Jesuit college. In 1622 the Jesuits transferred the library of Charles University to the Klementinum, and the college was merged with the University in 1654. The Jesuits remained until 1773, when the Klementinum was established as an observatory, library, and university by the Empress Maria Theresa of Austria.